Published twice a year, the Frontier Markets Debt Monitor tracks indebtedness by sector across key frontier markets and low-income countries.
Total debt in frontier markets surged to a new record high of $3.5 trillion in 2021-some $500 billion above pre-pandemic levels. However, after reaching an all-time high in 2020, FM debt declined to 108% of GDP in 2021-helped by recovery and inflation.